Foundations of government
Students start the year by looking at where American government came from. They read parts of the U.S. and New Hampshire constitutions and talk about how the country was set up and why.
This is the year social studies shifts from learning what happened to arguing why it matters. Students dig into how the Constitution actually works, how markets set prices, and how world events trace back to older roots. They weigh costs and benefits, read maps as evidence, and connect New Hampshire's story to the larger national one. By spring, students can take a position on a current issue and back it up with history, geography, or economics.
Students start the year by looking at where American government came from. They read parts of the U.S. and New Hampshire constitutions and talk about how the country was set up and why.
Students study how local, state, and federal governments actually work day to day. They also look at how the country deals with other nations and what it means to take part as a citizen.
Students learn how prices, jobs, and competition shape what people buy and sell. They also practice personal money skills like saving, using credit, and thinking through a big purchase.
Students use maps and other tools to study why people live where they live. They look at how the land shapes daily life in New Hampshire and across the country, and how people change the land in return.
Students trace the country's story from early contact to today, with a close look at New Hampshire's part in it. They study reform movements, wars, and the changes that shaped how people live and work.
Students close the year by looking at major civilizations and how they shaped each other over time. They connect that long history to issues in the news now, like trade, conflict, and climate.
Students trace the ideas and events that shaped the U.S. Constitution, from Enlightenment philosophy to the compromises made at the founding. They also examine how New Hampshire's own constitution fits into that history.
Students learn how local, state, federal, and tribal governments are organized, what each one is responsible for, and how they work together or share power.
Students learn what rights citizens hold under the Constitution and what responsibilities come with those rights, including how people vote, petition, and take part in government decisions.
Students examine how the U.S. works with other countries and groups like the United Nations, looking at treaties, alliances, and conflicts that shape American foreign policy.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Foundations of US Government Grades 9-10 | Students trace the ideas and events that shaped the U.S. Constitution, from Enlightenment philosophy to the compromises made at the founding. They also examine how New Hampshire's own constitution fits into that history. | NH-SS.CIV.9-10.1 |
| Structure and Function of Government Grades 9-10 | Students learn how local, state, federal, and tribal governments are organized, what each one is responsible for, and how they work together or share power. | NH-SS.CIV.9-10.2 |
| Rights and Responsibilities Grades 9-10 | Students learn what rights citizens hold under the Constitution and what responsibilities come with those rights, including how people vote, petition, and take part in government decisions. | NH-SS.CIV.9-10.3 |
| International Relations Grades 9-10 | Students examine how the U.S. works with other countries and groups like the United Nations, looking at treaties, alliances, and conflicts that shape American foreign policy. | NH-SS.CIV.9-10.4 |
Students look at a real choice, such as taking a job or staying in school, and weigh what they gain against what they give up. The goal is to think through trade-offs before deciding, not just pick the obvious answer.
Markets bring buyers and sellers together, and prices signal where goods and money flow. Students study how competition between businesses shapes what gets made, what it costs, and who ends up with it.
Students compare how different economies (like free markets and government-run systems) decide who makes goods, who owns them, and who sets prices. They look at what businesses, workers, banks, and governments each do in those systems.
Students learn how money works in real life: how to save, spend wisely, use credit without getting into debt, and put money to work through investing.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Economic Decision Making Grades 9-10 | Students look at a real choice, such as taking a job or staying in school, and weigh what they gain against what they give up. The goal is to think through trade-offs before deciding, not just pick the obvious answer. | NH-SS.ECON.9-10.1 |
| Markets and Exchange Grades 9-10 | Markets bring buyers and sellers together, and prices signal where goods and money flow. Students study how competition between businesses shapes what gets made, what it costs, and who ends up with it. | NH-SS.ECON.9-10.2 |
| Economic Systems and Institutions Grades 9-10 | Students compare how different economies (like free markets and government-run systems) decide who makes goods, who owns them, and who sets prices. They look at what businesses, workers, banks, and governments each do in those systems. | NH-SS.ECON.9-10.3 |
| Personal Finance Grades 9-10 | Students learn how money works in real life: how to save, spend wisely, use credit without getting into debt, and put money to work through investing. | NH-SS.ECON.9-10.4 |
Students use maps, satellite images, and geographic tools to study how places look, where things cluster, and why patterns show up across regions.
Students study what makes a place distinct, its landforms, climate, industries, and population patterns. They apply that analysis to New Hampshire and the United States specifically.
Students study why people move, where they settle, and how ideas, languages, and customs spread from one region to another. They look for patterns across history and geography to explain why communities end up where they do.
Students examine how geography affects where and how people live, and how human choices, like building cities or clearing land, reshape the natural world in return.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| The World in Spatial Terms Grades 9-10 | Students use maps, satellite images, and geographic tools to study how places look, where things cluster, and why patterns show up across regions. | NH-SS.GEO.9-10.1 |
| Places and Regions Grades 9-10 | Students study what makes a place distinct, its landforms, climate, industries, and population patterns. They apply that analysis to New Hampshire and the United States specifically. | NH-SS.GEO.9-10.2 |
| Human Systems Grades 9-10 | Students study why people move, where they settle, and how ideas, languages, and customs spread from one region to another. They look for patterns across history and geography to explain why communities end up where they do. | NH-SS.GEO.9-10.3 |
| Environment and Society Grades 9-10 | Students examine how geography affects where and how people live, and how human choices, like building cities or clearing land, reshape the natural world in return. | NH-SS.GEO.9-10.4 |
Students examine how the U.S. government was built from the ground up, and how New Hampshire shaped that process. They look at key decisions, documents, and debates that established who holds power and why.
Students study how major turning points, such as civil rights campaigns, westward expansion, and wartime, pushed the country to grow and change. The focus is on what drove those shifts and what they left behind.
From early Native American communities through today, students trace how American and New Hampshire societies built their economies and shaped their cultures over time.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Political Foundations Grades 9-10 | Students examine how the U.S. government was built from the ground up, and how New Hampshire shaped that process. They look at key decisions, documents, and debates that established who holds power and why. | NH-SS.USH.9-10.1 |
| Movements and Change Grades 9-10 | Students study how major turning points, such as civil rights campaigns, westward expansion, and wartime, pushed the country to grow and change. The focus is on what drove those shifts and what they left behind. | NH-SS.USH.9-10.2 |
| Cultural and Economic Development Grades 9-10 | From early Native American communities through today, students trace how American and New Hampshire societies built their economies and shaped their cultures over time. | NH-SS.USH.9-10.3 |
Students trace how major civilizations grew over time and how they changed each other through trade, conflict, and cultural exchange, from ancient societies to the modern world.
Students compare how different countries and time periods have organized power and money. They look at systems like democracy, monarchy, and trade economies to understand why governments and markets take the shape they do.
Students trace today's global problems, such as conflict, migration, or climate policy, back to their historical roots. They explain how past events shaped the issues making headlines now.
| Standard | Definition | Code |
|---|---|---|
| Civilizations and Cultural Encounters Grades 9-10 | Students trace how major civilizations grew over time and how they changed each other through trade, conflict, and cultural exchange, from ancient societies to the modern world. | NH-SS.WH.9-10.1 |
| Political and Economic Systems Grades 9-10 | Students compare how different countries and time periods have organized power and money. They look at systems like democracy, monarchy, and trade economies to understand why governments and markets take the shape they do. | NH-SS.WH.9-10.2 |
| Contemporary Issues Grades 9-10 | Students trace today's global problems, such as conflict, migration, or climate policy, back to their historical roots. They explain how past events shaped the issues making headlines now. | NH-SS.WH.9-10.3 |
Federally administered sample-based assessment in reading, mathematics, science, and writing. NAEP results inform state-by-state comparisons rather than individual student or school accountability.
Students study government, economics, geography, United States and New Hampshire history, and world history. They read documents, look at maps and data, and build arguments using evidence. Expect more writing and discussion than memorizing dates.
Watch the news together for ten minutes and ask what they think and why. Pull up a map when a country comes up in conversation. When they write an essay, ask them to point to the sentence in their source that backs up their claim.
Most teachers anchor the year in either United States history or world history and weave in civics, economics, and geography where they fit. Pick a few recurring questions, such as how power shifts or how people move, and return to them in each unit so students see the connections.
Some, but the bigger goal is understanding causes, effects, and patterns. Students should know the major eras and turning points well enough to place events in order and explain why they mattered. Flashcards help, but talking through the story helps more.
Sourcing and corroboration are the biggest sticking points. Students often accept the first source they find and struggle to compare two accounts of the same event. Short, repeated practice with paired documents helps more than one big research project.
Students learn the basics of saving, spending, credit, and investing, often inside the economics unit. At home, walk through a real paycheck, a credit card statement, or a savings account together. Ten minutes with a real document beats a worksheet.
Students can read a primary source, figure out who wrote it and why, and use it as evidence in a clear written argument. They can explain how the government works, how markets allocate resources, and how geography shapes history. They can connect a current event to its roots.
Hand them a short article on a current issue and ask them to summarize it, identify the author's point of view, and explain one historical cause. If they can do that without much prompting, they are ready. If they get stuck on point of view, that is the area to practice over the summer.